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Children with cerebral palsy can gain greater use of an impaired arm and hand with larger doses of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) – without increasing stress for parents, according to a new study by researchers at Virginia Tech's Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, UVA Children's, The Ohio State University, and Nationwide Children's Hospital.
The findings could have far-reaching impacts on treatment of children's movement disorders.
Scientific findings have supported the benefits of pediatric CIMT, in which a child's more functional arm and hand are constrained by a lightweight cast, a splint, or a mitt, while a trained therapist uses operant conditioning techniques individualized for each child. But little was known about whether the outcome of therapy was directly linked to the dosage of therapy or method of constraint.
Now, a study funded by the National Institutes of Health's Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and published Oct. 14 in Pediatrics shows that higher doses of CIMT therapy – 20 three-hour sessions over four weeks – yield significant and lasting improvement in use of their arms and hands, especially in everyday functional activities. The Children with Hemiparesis Arm-and-hand Movement Project (CHAMP) study is the first to compare different dosage levels of the same type of CIMT intervention for similar children.
"CHAMP provides new findings that are practically useful for clinicians and families in choosing treatment likely to produce meaningful benefits for children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy," said Sharon Landesman Ramey, Distinguished Research Scholar at the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute and professor of psychiatry, psychology, and neuroscience at Virginia Tech, who led the study and is the paper's corresponding author.
The study focused on children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy (HCP), the most common childhood neuromotor disorder. Cerebral palsy affects one to four children per 1,000 in the United States, and about 40% of these children will develop hemiparesis – impaired voluntary control on one side of the body, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The study group included 118 children with HCP, two- to eight-years-old, at three sites -; Roanoke and Charlottesville in Virginia and Columbus, Ohio. CHAMP randomized and assigned children to different CIMT treatment groups that varied in their dosage level (30 versus 60 hours in four weeks) and the type of constraint used (cast versus splint). These treatment groups were compared with a Usual and Customary Treatment group - that later was offered a form of CIMT as an ethical option for study participation.
The form of CIMT therapy, known as ACQUIREc, was developed by co-principal investigators Stephanie DeLuca and Ramey, who also co-direct the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC Neuromotor Research Clinic, along with Karen Echols and other colleagues at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
The CHAMP study found that the higher intensity therapy sessions – three hours a day, five days a week for four weeks – significantly improved upper arm and hand abilities while a lower dosage of 30 hours per month (2.5-hour sessions, three days a week for four weeks) produced fewer gains. The children's early improvements continued for at least six months after higher-intensity CIMT.
The therapy can be life-changing for children. Kim Hindery, whose daughter, Abigail, 6, was part of the study in Ohio, witnessed a dramatic difference during and then after the therapy.
"I could literally see her brain changing," Hindery said. "I'll never forget when she looked up at her hand and goes, 'Oh!' -; just mesmerized, like, 'It exists!' Being able to see a light bulb go off in your child's head that you never thought you would see go off is priceless."
Those benefits are well-known to DeLuca who has overseen delivery of ACQUIRE therapy to more than 500 children.
"The therapists are trained to ensure each child has many successes in every therapy session," said DeLuca, who is an associate professor at the research institute and in pediatrics and neuroscience at Virginia Tech. "The child sees and feels their improvement and becomes an active partner in the therapy. ACQUIRE therapy increases children's willingness to tackle new and difficult activities."
The study shows parents who worried about the intensity of the therapy and use of the cast that they should have little concern. The study also unexpectedly showed that that Usual and Customary Treatment benefited children more than it did in the past, which Landesman Ramey said should be reassuring to parents whose children receive other forms of therapy.
We have learned that even the higher CIMT intensity and the full-time cast are not stressful for the parents, and the children quickly adapt to constraint." Amy Darragh, professor and director, Division of Occupational Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Ohio State
Richard Stevenson, professor of pediatrics and division head of Neurodevelopmental Behavioral Pediatrics at UVA Children's, welcomed the study's findings as potentially transformative for clinical therapy of these young children.
"The study had some unexpected findings. For example, while the type of constraint used on the stronger side may matter for some individual children, overall there was no significant difference between those who wore an arm cast 24/7 for 21 days and those who wore a part-arm splint only during therapy sessions," Stevenson said.
Warren Lo, a clinical professor of neurology and pediatrics at The Ohio State University College of Medicineand Nationwide Children's Hospital, agreed.
"The rate and magnitude of changes in these children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy exceed what most pediatric neurologists thought was possible," Lo said. "These findings could transform our clinical understanding of the high potential these children have for future growth."
Source: Virginia Tech Journal reference: Ramey, S.L., et al. (2021) Constraint-induced movement therapy for cerebral palsy: A randomized trial. Pediatrics. doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-033878.
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